Short description

 - Adaptive Cell Power-Frequency Characteristic Determination (ACPFCD) function uses fuzzy logic in order to obtain an on-line adjustment of a CPFC based on the imbalance and frequency deviation values. 

- Cell Set-point Adjusting (CSA) function detects imbalances exceeding a specific threshold in a cell and negotiates with its peers the possibility of adjusting the set-point of the tie-lines.

-  Frequency Droop Parameter Determination (FDPD) function implements a strategy in order to divide all available FCC reserves into frequency slots in order to obtain a scalable activation through frequency deadband values for each reserve. 

- Merit Order Collection (MOC) function collates all available reserves’ status in a list sorted by cost and size.

- Merit Order Decision (MOD) function uses the initial merit order list produced by the Merit Order Collection function in order to refine it by selecting only the reserves that have no negative impact on the grid.

- Tie-line Limits Calculation (TLC) function performs a calculation of the remaining available capacity of the tie-lines in order to inform the Cell Set-point Adjuster function of the capability of change in case of imbalance.

Main technical features

 - Adaptive Cell Power-Frequency Characteristic Determination (ACPFCD). The basic concept of this approach is the following: when an imbalance incident happens in one cell, the frequency initially increases/decreases based on the imbalance sign and, by the same token, the tie-line error aggregate follows an opposite, to the frequency course. Thus, by detecting the combined signs as well as sizes of the two errors, it is possible to adjust the droop slope of the cell when the incident takes place outside the cell or maintain its maximum value whenever the incident concerns the specific cell. 

- Cell Set-point Adjusting (CSA). The function performs a number of actions including the detection of imbalances, the estimation of the imbalance size, the calculation of remaining available capacity for each tie-line, the issuing of request for set-point adjustment to neighbouring cells, the response to a similar request from another cell, and the final assessment of imbalance with the final acceptance of the adjustment.  

-  Frequency Droop Parameter Determination (FDPD). The function prioritises the cheapest reserves so that they can be used first for the very small and more frequent imbalances, and if these deviations exceed specific limits more and more reserves are activated. More analytically, FDPD receives two input signals, namely one Cell Power-Frequency Characteristic (CPFC) value that is used as a set-point at the beginning of the process and a table of values (as a second input) which corresponds to the final (optimised) Merit Order list of all acceptable reserves. The output of this procedure is another table containing droop slopes as well as frequency values (activation thresholds) for the selected Frequency Containment Control reserves.

- Merit Order Collection (MOC). The function implements an algorithm in order to collect all available reserves’ status, collate them in a list initially ranked based on the European Article Number (EAN, a unique identity number for each unit) of each reserve and, consequently, sort twice the list based first and foremost on cost/W (ascending order with cheapest reserves first) and then based on the size of the reserve.

- Merit Order Decision (MOD).The function includes a load flow analysis, in which it calculates the voltages of all buses, under the assumption of a steady state with the reserves activated to their full, i.e. they can reach either their Pmax or their Pmin since both are the worst case scenarios in terms of reserves activation. In this process if some of the nodes’ voltages are above or below a maximum allowable limit or the line currents exceed the maximum capacity of the line, the reserves at the relevant bus are excluded.

- Tie-line Limits Calculation (TLC). The function performs a number of actions including the following:  (1) It receives the values of power schedules of the tie-lines corresponding to the beginning of the selected timeframe; (2) It retrieves the static information regarding the maximum power limits of the tie-lines; (3) It subtracts the scheduled powers from the maximum ones to calculate the difference (allowable power changes); (4) It issues the vector of allowed change to the Cell Set-point Adjuster together with the identity of each tie-line. 

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